Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive type of brain tumour that originates from glial cells, which support nerve cells in the brain. It is the most common and deadly form of primary brain cancer in adults. GBM grows rapidly, often invading nearby brain tissue, and is classified as a Grade IV tumour by the World Health Organization due to its severity and fast progression.
The symptoms of GBM depend on the tumour’s size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include:
- Severe, persistent headaches
- Nausea and vomiting
- Seizures
- Weakness or numbness on one side of the body
- Difficulty with speech or understanding language
- Vision problems, such as blurred or double vision
- Memory loss or cognitive difficulties
- Changes in behaviour or personality
- Loss of balance or coordination
What are the symptoms?
What are the causes and risk factors?
The exact cause of GBM is unknown, but several factors are associated with increased risk:
Genetic mutations
Changes in certain genes, such as TP53 or EGFR, can lead to abnormal cell growth.
Age
GBM is more common in older adults, typically diagnosed between ages 45 and 70.
Gender
Men are slightly more likely to develop GBM than women.
Radiation exposure
Previous radiation therapy to the head can increase the risk.
Family history
A family history of brain tumours or inherited genetic syndromes can raise the risk.
What are the complications from the condition?
GBM is a life-threatening condition that can cause several complications, including:
- Brain swelling: Tumour growth increases pressure inside the skull, leading to severe symptoms.
- Neurological deficits: Permanent impairments in movement, speech, vision, or memory may occur.
- Seizures: Frequent or severe seizures can impact daily life.
- Treatment side effects: Radiation and chemotherapy can cause fatigue, nausea, and weakened immune function.
- Death: Due to its aggressive nature, GBM often leads to death within months to a few years, even with treatment.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves imaging tests and other procedures to confirm the presence and type of tumour:
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): The most effective test for detecting GBM and assessing its size and location.
- CT Scan: Used in emergency situations to quickly detect abnormalities.
- Biopsy: A sample of the tumour is taken during surgery or a specialized procedure to confirm the diagnosis and identify the tumour’s genetic characteristics.
- Molecular testing: Determines mutations in the tumour cells, which can guide treatment decisions.
How is it treated?
While there is no cure for GBM, treatment focuses on slowing its growth and managing symptoms. Options include:
- Surgery: The primary treatment to remove as much of the tumour as possible.
- Radiation Therapy: Targets remaining cancer cells after surgery to slow tumour growth.
- Chemotherapy
- Temozolomide (TMZ): The most commonly used drug for GBM.
- Targeted Therapy: Drugs like bevacizumab (Avastin) target the blood supply to the tumour.
- Clinical Trials: Patients may be eligible for experimental treatments, such as immunotherapy or gene therapy.
- Supportive Care: Medications to manage symptoms like seizures, swelling, and pain.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is glioblastoma multiforme curable?
No, GBM is not curable, but treatments can extend survival and improve quality of life.
How long can someone live with GBM?
The average survival time is 12-18 months, though some patients live longer with aggressive treatment.
What causes glioblastoma?
The exact cause is unknown, but genetic mutations and environmental factors like radiation exposure may play a role.
Can GBM be prevented?
There is no known way to prevent GBM, as its causes are largely unclear.
What is the role of clinical trials?
Clinical trials offer access to experimental therapies that may improve outcomes for GBM patients.
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